numerical study on the crushing behavior of square tubes under three dimensional oblique loading

this study aims to numerically investigate on the crashworthiness of thin-walled square tubes by consideration of 3-d oblique loading. in this type of loading, direction of loading is defined by using two spatial angles relative to the position of the tube. to this aim, finite element (fe) analysis is employed to simulate the loading for 8 different numerical models with different loading orientation. subsequently, load-displacement diagrams as well as deformation shapes during the loading are derived for each model. moreover, a study is done on the tube collapse mode for each case. effect of loading orientation and tube thickness on the maximum crushing load and energy absorption are also studied via a parametric study on the fe simulations. results indicated a different trend for all cases of 3d oblique loading compared to axial loading. this study highlights the significance of consideration of a 3d orientation in analysis of crushing behavior of thin-walled tubes.